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The development of sociology was born out of two revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789, and the Industrial revolution. Both of these events destroyed all previous social norms and created a new social organization: the modern industrial society. In particular, the French Revolution destroyed not only the political and social foundations of France, but almost every country in Europe and the North Americas. Ideas of liberty and equality were put into practice, setting the stage for a completely new social and political order. These changes also represented the victory for the downtrodden in France, and the beginnings of societies in other countries based on the individual and individualism. A new class of people, emboldened by what happened in France, appeared on the political stages of Europe and North America and were not afraid to fight for their rights as citizens and human beings.

The concept of modernity came about when classical theorists needed to understand the meaning and significance of the Twin Revolutions and the effects of industrialization, urbanization, and political democracy on rural societies. The term ‘modernity’ was coined to capture these changes in progress by contrasting the “modern” with the “traditional.” Modernity was meant to be more than a concept. Modernity referred to a world constructed anew through the active and conscious intervention of individuals. In modern societies, the world is experienced as a human construction, an experience that gives rise to a new sense of freedom and to a basic anxiety about the openness of the future.

Modernity consists of three elements: traditional, institutional, and cultural. Traditional modernity means that there is a historical consciousness, a sense of breaking with the past, and a post-traditional consciousness of what is going on in the world. Institutional modernity is concerned with capitalism, industrialism, urbanism, and the democratic nation-state. Cultural modernity entails new beliefs about science, economics, and education. It involves a criticism of religion and separation of religion from politics and education.

A new social science was created in the wake of these events and was given the name ‘sociology’ by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher and he is thought of as the founder of modern sociology. Sociology is not only about intellect, but is connected with developments in the social world and changes in society. One reason why sociology is different than the other social sciences is that it attempts to describe different sets of social forces that develop in a society at different times and places, with different actors and results. As societies change, it is the nature of these changes that sociologists attempt to explain, and it is the changes themselves that lead to different explanations of these changes.

For example, Marx’s political-economic theory is an explanation of nineteenth century capitalism as it developed in Britain. His theory could not have been developed fifty years earlier because the trends and forces that he described and explained were only beginning in the early part of the nineteenth century. Weber’s analysis of bureaucracy and rationalization could not have emerged much sooner than it did, because the bureaucratic structures and the forces of rationalization had not developed all that much before Weber’s time. And DurkheimÂ’s analysis of the changing division of labor could take place only once some of the economic and social trends of modern, industrial societies became apparent. The same is true today: as society changes and becomes more modern, new sociological theories and approaches are developed in an attempt to understand and explain these changes.

Marx, Weber, and Durkheim had different views on modernity. For Marx, modernity is capitalism and he felt that the ideal of true democracy is one of the great lies of capitalism. He thought that the only ideas that came out of a capitalist society was alienation, class conflict, and revolution. He also thought that capitalism will be eventually destroyed by revolution. For him, history is a human construction and that history is made by those who have the political and material means to do so. Humans participate in their own oppression through false conscious, any belief, idea, or ideology that interferes with an exploited and oppressed person or group being able to perceive the objective nature and source of their oppression.

Weber construes modernity as rationalization, bureaucratization, and the “Iron Cage.” For him, the history of modernization was increased rationalization. There would be a search for the most efficient techniques and stresses that everything is reevaluated. Everything humans depend on would be controlled by large capitalist bureaucratic organizations.

Durkheim saw modernity as moral order, anomie and the decline of social solidarity. In his analysis of modernity, there is a breakdown of social values, the breaking down of traditional social order. Anomie is a transitional problem, lacking moral regulation. Increased egotism is also a problem. All three of these classic theorists had a very critical view of modern capitalism and society.

French Revolution

Contrast French Revolution American Revolution

Question: What are the difference between American Revolution and French Revolution?

Okay compare and contrast the difference between the French Revolution and American Revolution? How was it different from the American Revolution??? just give me as much detail as possible…

Answer: Shouldn't give you the answer if this is for class but the major difference is that the French was a bloody massacre of a great many of its own citizens as new people stepped into power and old people fell out of power. Nothing like that happened in the American. Although we had to fight a war to against England to gain our freedom, once we had it, things were relatively peaceful. People would backstab politically but one administration gave way gracefully to the next: even Adams' Federalist administration to Jefferson's Democratic-Republican administration.

Thomas Sowell and a Conflict of Visions

French Revolution American Revolution

New York City is an exciting and diverse place to visit. . There are a variety of fun places to see and experience. There many attractions that you will not see anywhere else in the world. The following is a list of New York City’s most popular and amazing places to visit:

Ellis Island: This Island is where the history of New York began. You can visit for free and enjoy the ferry ride to and from the island. The Ellis Island Immigration Museum is an astounding showcase of American history.

The Empire State Building: This building is New York’s icon. Visitors from all over the world come to New York to see the Empire State Building. There is an observation deck where you can take in the immense city.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The museum is one of the top art museums in the world. Popular displays include the Arts of Africa, the Oceania and the Americas permanent collection, and the Egyptian Art collection which contains more than 36,000 ancient objects.

American Museum of Natural History: A world renowned museum that features the Rose Center for Earth and Space and the Hayden Planetarium. It also includes posters, postcards, books, and other keepsakes of the museum’s remarkable art.

Guggenheim Museum: The Frank Lloyd Wright-designed structure was built as a series of spirals meant to resemble an inverted pyramidal temple. There is a valuable permanent collection devoted to works from the 19th century through the present.

Madame Tussaud’s Wax Museum: This famous museum features astounding wax replications of some of the most famous historical figures.

Coney Island: Take the subway out to Coney Island, on the southernmost tip of Brooklyn. The Astroland Amusement Park is famous as both the birthplace of the rollercoaster and the hot dog, Coney Island is home to one of the last remaining wooden coasters in the U.S. called the ‘Cyclone.’

Central Park: A great place to visit if you are a history buff or nature lover. Take a free tour offered by the Central Park Conservancy. The 843-acre public area includes “View from the Past,” a glimpse at the achievements of Central Park designers Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux; “A Road Once Traveled,” a look at American Revolution and War of 1812 battles sites; and “Amble Through the Ramble,” a hike through 38-acres of woodland.

Brooklyn Bridge: The Brooklyn Bridge was the tallest structure in North America when it opened in 1883. Take a walk on the pedestrian walkway and capture a view of Manhattan from Wall Street to the Upper East Side.

The New York Stock Exchange: This is the central hub of Capitalism. The famous Wall Street is nearby.

Grand Central Station: Visitors are astounded by the exorbitant ceiling and the world’s largest example of Tiffany glass in the clock facing 42nd Street.

Times Square: The theaters of Broadway and the vast number of animated neon and LED signs have made Times Square one of New York’s iconic images. Times Square is the only neighborhood with zoning ordinances requiring building owners to display illuminated signs.

Rockefeller Center: The Rockefeller Center boasts the largest Christmas tree in the world and the famous NBC TV studio and store.

Yankee Stadium Tours: Yankee Stadium is famous for such baseball legends as Roger Clemens and Babe Ruth. Visit the dugouts, clubhouse, press box, and Monument Park.

Fifth Avenue: Famous for Christmas fashion shopping and downtown West Broadway’s upscale fashion boutiques.

A great vacation is all about relaxing and having fun, so enjoy New York City’s boundless sightseeing excursions and famous historical sights. The ‘Big Apple’ will leave you with a lifetime of memories.

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Danbury – A Provider In The American Revolution