Marie Antoinette Information

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Louis Xvi Timeline

Question: what are the TWENTY most important events in King Louis XVI’s life.

Like a timeline…
what are the twenty events in his life that are significant enough to be in a timeline.

:]

Answer: Born Louis Auguste In 1754
Older Brother Louis dies in 1761
Father, the Dauphin, died in 1764, making Louis the new Dauphin
Mother died in 1767
Married Maria Antonia (B.K.A Marie Antoinette) 1770
Marriage consumated in 1773 (very important...)
Crowned Louis XVI 1774
Gives support to America for their revolution 1776
First child MarieTherese Charlotte born 1778
Louisville, Kentucky formed and named after King Louis 1780
End of the American Revolutionary War 1781
Treaty of Paris signed 1783
Son (and future Dauphin) Louis Charles Capet born 1785
Beginning of the French Revolution 1789
Royal family forced to leave Versilles 1789
Basitlle Day July 14, 1789
Failed escape attempt 1791
Arrested in 1792
Trial December 1792
Executed in 1793

Has history been tampered with? History: Fiction or Science? True Timeline of Antiquity.

Louis Xvi King Of France

Question: Why did King Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General to be held in spring 1789?

a. to press for reform in the legislative process

b. to begin the process of writing a new constitution for France

c. to get approval for new taxes on the Third Estate

d. to get approval to rescind tax exemptions for the First Estate

Answer: From the outset Louis XVI's actions and failure to act pushed the French people (as of May 1789 almost all accepted the institution of monarchy) along the path to revolution. Before the meeting of the Estates General he had agreed at the urging of Necker, who had been recalled to office, to allow the Third Estate representation equal to that of the other two Estates combined. The King was vague, however, on whether each Estate would meet and vote separately, in which case the privileged Estates could outvote the Third, or whether the vote would be by "head." On June 23 the King finally ordered the three Estates to meet separately, but when the Third Estate refused to obey, Louis XVI, characteristically, yielded. Before this the Estates General had adopted the title National Constituent Assembly, sign of its determination to give France a written constitution.

The response of the King, under the influence of reactionary court circles, was to summon troops to Versailles and to dismiss Necker, who had urged cooperation with the Third Estate. This was the immediate cause for the taking of the royal fortress, the Bastille, by the Parisian crowd (July 14).

Monarchs of Modern France

Louis Xvi Execution

Question: Loius XVI his death, trial and the national Conventation any ideas as I have to do a 2000 word essay?

Can any one help me as I have thiss assingment to do for Uni and cant find a great dseal about Louis XVI and his trial and execution also how the National Conventiom came about
Please if you can help it is urgent

Answer: It would help if you spelled the words correctly.

During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from September 20, 1792 to October 26, 1795 (the 4th of Brumaire of the year IV). It was succeeded by the Directory, commencing November 2, 1795.

During the insurrection of 10 August 1792, when the populace of Paris stormed the Tuileries and demanded the abolition of the monarchy, the Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a "national convention" which should draw up a constitution. At the same time it was decided that the deputies to that convention should be elected by all Frenchmen 25 years old or more, domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labour. The National Convention was therefore the first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage, without distinctions of class. The age limit of the electors was further lowered to 21, and that of eligibility was fixed at 25 years.

The first session was held on 20 September 1792. The following day royalty was abolished: the formal end of the French monarchy. A little over a year later, 22 September would become the base date of the new French Revolutionary Calendar, the beginning of the Year I of the French Republic.

Louis XVI of France
French Monarchy-
Capetian Dynasty
(Bourbon branch)

Henry IV
Sister
Catherine of Navarre, Duchess of Lorraine
Children
Louis XIII
Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy
Nicholas Henry
Gaston, Duke of Orléans
Henriette-Marie, Queen of England and Scotland
Louis XIII
Children
Louis XIV
Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Louis XIV
Children
Louis, the Grand Dauphin
Marie-Anne
Marie-Therese
Philippe-Charles, Duc d'Anjou
Louis-François, Duc d'Anjou
Grandchildren
Louis, Duke of Burgundy
King Philip V of Spain
Charles, Duke of Berry
Great Grandchildren
Louis, Duke of Brittany
Louis XV
Louis XV
Children
Louise-Elisabeth, Duchess of Parma
Louis, Dauphin
Madame Marie Adélaïde
Madame Victoire
Grandchildren
Clotilde, Queen of Sardinia
Louis XVI
Louis XVIII
Charles X
Madame Élisabeth
Louis XVI
Children
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, Duchess of Angouleme
Louis-Joseph, Dauphin
Louis (XVII)
Sophie-Beatrix
Louis (XVII)
Louis XVIII
Charles X
Children
Louis (XIX), Duke of Angoulême
Charles, Duke of Berry
Grandchildren
Henry (V), comte de Chambord
Louise, Duchess of Parma

Louis XVILouis XVI (23 August 1754–21 January 1793) was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of the 10th of August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on 21 January 1793. His execution signaled the end of the absolutist monarchy in France and would eventually bring about the rise of Napoleon.

Beloved by the people at first, his indecisiveness and conservatism led the people to reject him and hate in him the perceived tyranny of the former kings of France. During the French Revolution, he was given the family name Capet (a faulty reference to Hugh Capet, the founder of the dynasty), and was called Louis Capet in an attempt to discredit his status as king. He was also informally nicknamed Louis le Dernier (Louis the Last), a derisive use of the traditional nicknaming of French kings. Today, historians and Frenchmen in general have a more nuanced view of Louis XVI, who is seen as an honest man with good intentions but who was probably unfit for the Herculean task of reforming the monarchy, and who was used as a scapegoat by the Revolutionaries.
Family
Louis was preceded as king by his grandfather, Louis XV. Louis' father was the king's only son, the Dauphin de France (1729-1765), who died young and never ascended the throne. Louis' mother was Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, second wife of the Dauphin, and the daughter of Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

On 16 May 1770, when he was 15 and she 14, he married Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francis I of Austria and Empress Maria Theresa, a Habsburg. They were not able to have children for several years due to the fact that Louis XVI suffered from a sexual dysfunction (reputedly phimosis), corrected seven years later by minor surgery. Subsequently, they had four children:

Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (20 December 1778 – 19 October 1851);
Louis-Joseph-Xavier-François (22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789);
Louis-Charles (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795);
Sophie-Beatrix (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787)

Politics
The government was deeply in debt. The radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes disaffected the nobles (parlements), and Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned in 1776 to be replaced by Jacques Necker. Louis supported the American Revolution in 1778, but in the Treaty of Paris (1783), the French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by Calonne and Brienne, before being restored in 1788.

In 1789, Louis ordered the first election of the Estates-General (National Assembly) since 1614 in order to have the monetary reforms approved. The election was one of the events that transformed the general malaise into the French Revolution, which began in June 1789. The Third Estate had declared itself the National Assembly; Louis' attempts to control it resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume, 20 June), the declaration of the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July, and the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. In October, the royal family was forced to move from the Palace of Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.

Louis himself was very popular and not unobliging to the social, political, and economic reforms of the Revolution. Recent scholarship has concluded that Louis suffered from clinical depression, which left him prone to bouts of severe indecisiveness, during which times his wife, the unpopular Queen Marie Antoinette, assumed effective responsibility for acting for the Crown. The revolution's principles of popular sovereignty, though central to democratic principles of later eras, marked a decisive break from the absolute monarchical principle of throne and altar that was at the heart of contemporary governance. As a result, the revolution was opposed by almost all of the previous governing elite in France and by practically all the governments of Europe. Leading figures in the initial revolutionary movement themselves were questioning the principles of popular control of government. Some, notably Honoré Mirabeau, secretly plotted to restore the power of the Crown in a new form.

However, Mirabeau's sudden death, and Louis's depression, fatally weakened developments in that area. Louis was nowhere near as reactionary as his right-wing brothers, the comte d'Artois and the comte de Provence, and he sent repeated messages publicly and privately calling on them to halt their attempts to launch counter-coups (often through his secretly nominated regent, former minister de Brienne). However, he was alienated from the new government both by its challenging of the traditional role of the monarch and in its treatment of him and his family. He was particularly irked by being kept effective prisoner in the Tuileries, where his wife was forced humiliatingly to have revolutionary soldiers in her private bedroom watching her as she slept, and by the refusal of the new regime to allow him to have Catholic confessors and priests of his choice rather than 'constitutional priests' created by the revolution.

He hired a secret banker named Miles Hughes, who was secretly working for the revolution, and gave top information to rebels.

End of reign
On 21 June 1791, Louis attempted to flee secretly from Paris to modern-day Belgium (then part of the Austrian Empire) with his family in the hope of forcing a more moderate swing in the revolution than was deemed possible in radical Paris. However, flaws in the escape plan caused sufficient delays to enable them to be recognized and captured at Varennes. Supposedly Louis was captured while trying to make a purchase at a store, where the clerk recognized his face on the coinage. He was returned to Paris, where he remained indubidably as constitutional king, though under effective house-arrest until 1792.

On 25 July 1792 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, commander of the Prussian forces, issued a manifesto (the so-called Brunswick Manifesto) threatening the inhabitants of Paris with exemplary vengeance if the Royal family was harmed and threatening the French public with exemplary punishment if they resisted the Imperial and Prussian armies or the forced reinstatement of the monarchy. The manifesto was taken to be the final proof of a collusion between Louis and foreign powers in a conspiracy against his own country. Louis was officially arrested on 13 August 1792. On 21 September 1792, the National Assembly declared France to be a republic.

Louis was tried (from 11 December 1792) and convicted of high treason before the National Convention. He was sentenced to death (21 January 1793) by guillotine by 361 votes to 288, with 72 effective abstentions.

Stripped of all titles and honorifics by the egalitarian, Republican government, Citizen Louis Capet was guillotined in front of a cheering crowd on 21 January 1793. On his death, his eight-year-old son, Louis-Charles, automatically became to royalists and some foreign states the de jure King Louis XVII of France, despite France having been declared a republic.

In Which Madame as Louis XVI is Executed

Louis Xvi Britannica

The Arabs say, “There is salt between us,” and the Persians speak of a person “untrue to salt” (disloyal or ungrateful). Because of its preservative qualities, the word `salt` came to have connotations of high esteem and honor both in ancient languages and in modern ones.

Some Historical Facts

Throughout history, salt has been such a precious commodity that wars were even fought over it. One of the contributing causes of the French Revolution was the high tax on salt imposed by Louis XVI. Salt was also used as a valuable medium of exchange. Moorish merchants traded salt for gold, gram for gram, and some central African tribes used slabs of rock salt as money. The English word `salary` comes from the Latin salarium (from sal, salt), referring to the early Roman soldier’s wages, part of which was an allowance of salt. The Greeks paid for slaves with salt, giving rise to the expression “not worth his salt.”

During the Middle Ages, certain superstitions developed around salt. The spilling of salt was considered to be a portent of doom. For example, in Leonardo da Vinci’s painting of the `Last Supper,` Judas Iscariot is depicted with an overturned saltcellar in front of him. Up until the 18th century, sitting above or below the position of the salt at a banquet table indicated one’s social rank, the honored position being above the saltcellar, near the head of the table.

From early times man learned to extract salt from natural brines, seawater, and rock salt. An ancient Chinese treatise on pharmacology deals with more than 40 kinds of salt and describes two methods of extracting salt that are amazingly similar to those used today. For instance, solar energy is used to extract salt from seawater at the solar saltworks located on the shores of the Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno in Baja California Sur, Mexico.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica it has been estimated that if all the oceans in the world were completely dried up, `they would yield at least 4.5 million cubic miles [19 million cubic km] of rock salt, or about 14.5 times the bulk of the entire continent of Europe above the high-water mark.` And the Dead Sea is about nine times as salty as the ocean!

Use of Salt Today

Today salt continues to be a precious commodity, used for seasoning food, preserving meat, and manufacturing soap and glass, among other things. Sales of dry salt jumped 37.2% in 2007 to 31.7 million tons, according to the annual Salt Institute Statistical Report of US Salt Sales released in February, 2008. Over 200M tons of salt is produced worldwide every year. North America produces more than one-quarter of it.

But a particularly interesting use is in the public health field. For example, in many countries of the world, salt is fortified with iodine to combat endemic iodine deficiency, characterized by goiter (an enlargement of the thyroid gland) and in severe cases by mental retardation. Also, some countries add fluoride to salt to prevent dental caries, though this practice has proved somewhat controversial, with some even suggesting it is detrimental to health.

In the chemical industry, salt is used in the manufacture of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and many other chemicals. Salt is also employed in soap, glaze, and porcelain enamel manufacture and enters into metallurgical processes as a flux.

When applied to snow or ice, salt lowers the melting point of the mixture. Thus, large amounts are used in northern climates to help clear streets of accumulated snow and ice. Salt is used in water-softening equipment that removes calcium and magnesium compounds from water.

While salt is essential for good health-regulating blood volume and pressure-what about the association between salt intake and high blood pressure? Doctors have routinely restricted salt and sodium intake in hypertensive patients. About one third to one half of people with high blood pressure are salt sensitive. In this case a lower salt intake has been shown to lower blood pressure. The recommended daily limit for the normal person is 6g of salt.

Geoff Cummings runs a discount kitchen products site at http://www.kitchenandhousewares.us where a wide range of items for the home are on sale.

Louis Xvi Marie Antoinette

The modern concept of Halloween costumes that couples have taken to wearing at Halloween parties have drawn a lot of flack these days for being unimaginative and failing to live up to the hype and hoopla that Halloween is all about. They barely arouse any interest and fail to add much to entertainment other than just couple identification.

After all, it’s not everyday that we get to celebrate Halloween. Also, no other festival gives you the liberty to go for self-indulgence as Halloween does. In fact, where else will you get the chance to get into the shoes of a famous persona? So why not make the most of it and add a touch of drama to the entire thing. The ball and chain costume involves just that, the ball and chain. Though mimicking celebrity couples might not always be easy, especially if it’s a Branjelina costume or a Brad Pitt and Angelina that you are trying to depict, a gentle satirical imitation might well do the job. Presented here are seven Halloween costume ideas for couples to try and make for a truly extravagant Halloween party.

• The classic movie, ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ presents some truly remarkable opportunities. While on one hand there’s the devoted scientist Dr. Jekyll, known for his gentle manners, on the other end is his chemically induced alter ego Mr. Hyde. Both the characters are equally tempting and once it’s decided who becomes who, you can train your focus on infusing life into the character. You’ll require lots of face paint and some truly distorting special effects for depicting Mr. Hyde while for Dr. Jekyll, a 19th century equivalent of a classy nerd will can be enough. A net research will provide you with a wealth of information like pictures from the movie that will help you to perfect your Halloween costume.
• Then there’s the legendary creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes and his buddy, Dr. Watson, which can make a great Halloween costume fit for the couples concept. And finding detailed images showing their dressing style and deportment is never a tough job.
• Those who appreciate history will surely love the fun and ostentatious display that a Napoleon Bonaparte and his love Josephine look-alike can bring to the Halloween party. Think of those curling wigs, lavish attires and great accessories, and you’ll be able to carry an air of greatness into the party, something that is so befitting the occasion.
• King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are also worth a try. That they met with a truly calamitous ending actually allows you to portray these Halloween costumes for couples idea in two ways – one illustrating them in all their splendor during the pre-revolutionary period and another showing the guillotine part. So it can be either a stately display of the king and the queen or something that is morbid and grisly, the choice is yours.
• For the romantic minded, depicting Guinevere and Lancelot will be the ideal choice. Guinevere, with long flowing hair dressed in a delicate gown and Lancelot in shining armor makes for an excellent costume idea.
• Romeo and Juliet, the ultimate romantic couple, is however the first choice for those with a romantic bent of mind. Juliet with her elaborate clothing, lavish silk embroidery, gold lace trims and velvets along with Romeo, with his more manly wear against the backdrop of the Renaissance makes for, what can be termed as, the supreme display of romanticism.
• Cleopatra and Marc Anthony are another great idea for couples, one that is perhaps the most easily recognizable. It might also be the easiest, going by the fact that clothing used to be simple in those days, though Cleopatra is known to be an avid user of makeup and jewelry.

And lastly, the thing that can make these Halloween costume ideas for couples to truly make an affect is the willingness to go for things authentic and a keen attention to detail. And with an abundance of good quality images easily available, this by no means is an impossible task. All that is required is some genuine effort and portraying someone else for a night can be easy.

To learn more about Halloween costumes check out also Halloween costume ideas for groups, where you’ll find this and a lot more tips and advice including Halloween costume ideas for kids.

Marie-Antoinette : Le couronnement de Louis XVI